Management of chronic kidney disease

Management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires a systematic approach including all components of the chronic disease model. Some causes require specific management directed at the underlying cause. For many patients, control of cardiovascular risk factors is the most important intervention, as these also promote progressive loss of kidney function. More intensive control of blood pressure and use of renin–angiotensin axis inhibitors are recommended for patients with diabetes mellitus or significant proteinuria, but excessive blood pressure reduction can be harmful.